Which four phrases in this excerpt from robert stawell ball's great astronomers convey a commendable tone toward ptolemy's work?

the name, ptolemy, appears to have been a common one in egypt in those days. the time at which he lived is fixed by the fact that his first recorded
observation was made in 127 ad, and his last in 151 ad. when we add that he seems to have lived in or near alexandria, or to use his own words, "on
the parallel of alexandria," we have said everything that can be said (a. so far as his individuality is concerned.)
ptolemy is, without doubt, the (b. greatest figure in ancient astronomy.) he (c. gathered up the wisdom) of the philosophers who had preceded him. he
incorporated this with the results of his own observations, and (d. illumined it with his theories.) his speculations, even when they were, as we now know,
quite erroneous, had such an (e. astonishing verisimilitude to the actual facts) of nature that they commanded universal assent. even in these modern days
we not unfrequently find lovers of paradox who maintain that ptolemy's doctrines not only seem true, but actually are true.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

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at nineteen years old, nicole c. kear's biggest concern is choosing a major--until she walks into a doctor's office in midtown manhattan and gets a life-changing diagnosis. she is going blind, courtesy of an eye disease called retinitis pigmentosa, and has only a decade or so before lights out. instead of making preparations as the doctor suggests, kear decides to carpe diem and make the most of the vision she has left. she joins circus school, tears through boyfriends, travels the world, and through all these hi-jinks, she keeps her vision loss a secret.

when kear becomes a mother, just a few years shy of her vision's expiration date, she amends her carpe diem strategy, giving up recklessness in order to relish every moment with her kids. her secret, though, is harder to surrender - and as her vision deteriorates, harder to keep hidden. as her world grows blurred, one thing becomes clear: no matter how hard she fights, she won't win the battle against blindness. but if she comes clean with her secret, and comes to terms with the loss, she can still win her happy ending

googles summry you can summarize this in your own words