Which of the following is a sentence fragment?
barack obama won the presidential election in 2008 and was inaugurated in 2009,
inaugurated in 2009, barack obama had won the presidential election in 2008
barack obama, who won the presidential election in 2008 and was inaugurated in 2009
in 2008, barack obama was elected, and he was inaugurated in 2009,

Armed with invisible ink, a cipher system, and a passion to end the war and preserve the union, elizabeth van lew became butler's eyes and ears in the confederate capital city. truth be told, however, she became much more than that. she became a spymaster, the person responsible for running a network of agents, couriers, and safe houses that was very active during the war. in addition to the spying, elizabeth van lew continued to maintain her church hill home as a safe house and something of a local union spy headquarters. —the dark game, paul janeczko what is the central idea of this passage? van lew’s home was used as a safe house, which was critical to the confederacy. van lew had a passion to end the war and preserve the union. van lew was a spymaster, a leading force in the espionage activities for the union. van lew did not enjoy working for general butler.