Why did the romans choose the arch as a symbol of triumph? it may be because the arch represented the triumph of roman engineering over the most difficult structural problems. the architects of ancient egypt and greece knew about the arch, but their architecture was mostly trabeated, based on vertical columns spanned by horizontal, flat beams. the romans didn't invent the arch; they adopted the form from the architecture of the etruscans, the people who ruled italy before the beginning of the roman republic in the sixth century b. c. but to their credit, the romans perfected the techniques of arch construction, making roman architecture different from anything that came before it. it was because they understood the techniques of arch construction that roman architects would later be able to develop even more complicated structures, such as the vault and the dome.
which is the best summary of paragraph 3?
a. an understanding of arch construction led to advancements in roman architecture.
b. the rounded arch, first built by the romans, was stronger than the flat arches built in egypt and greece.
c. the arch has always represented the strength and creativity of roman engineering.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

the answer is true.

the international phonetic alphabet (a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the international phonetic association) is composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics.