read this excerpt from 'a modest proposal" by jonathan swift:
these mothers instead of being able to work for their
honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in
stroling to beg sustenance for their infants who,
as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or
leave their dear native country, to fight for the pretender in
spain, or sell themselves to the barbadoes.
how does including this excerpt at the beginning of the essay contribute to
his argument's impact?
a. it employs ethos to build up the author's credentials.
b. it introduces a problem that the essay will attempt to solve.
c. it proposes a solution that will be supported by evidence.
d. it anticipates a counterclaim that will be addressed later.

answer: b

explanation: it introduces a problem that the essay will attempt to solve.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)