Read the excerpt from chapter 10 of animal farm for once benjamin consented to break his rule and he read out to her what was written on the wall. there was nothing there now except a single commandment . it ran : all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others

A. reversal, because the commandment has changed in meaning.

Explanation:

Reversal refers to the author presenting information that is the opposite of the normal order. In this passage, what is written on the wall is the opposite of what is to be expected. The commandments that were written by the pigs originally showed the values and goals of all animals. However, these have changed over time in order to fulfill their political goals. The commandments now are the opposite of what they should be.

i believe it’s the first one, but it could be the second! not the third or fourth.

explanation:

1. the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent- reference

reference refers to the relationship between mainly pronoun and another unit of grammar- noun phrase or noun.

2. a singular noun naming a collection or group- collective noun.

collective noun refers to the kind of noun which refer to the name of people, thing or anything in collective. for instance bundle of sticks, herein 'bundle' is collective noun.  

3. a modifying clause whose subject and/or verb is implied- elliptical clause

it is a clause in which words are being left out. on the other hand, the missing word is understood due to the logic or pattern of the sentence.  

4. two or more nouns and/or pronouns serving the same grammatical function and followed by a pronoun that references one or all nouns- compound antecedent

compound antecedent refers to which is made up of two or more words which are joined by 'or' or 'and.'

5. an adjective clause introduced by a pronoun- relative clause.

relative clauses are the clauses which begin with the relative pronouns such as when, where, which, that or who. the noun that precedes, relative pronouns identify or define that noun.  

6. the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers- antecedent.

antecedents refers to the phrases, clauses or words which are replaced with one of the third personal pronouns.