When the author says, "don't punish everyone just because of a few bad apples," he is

urging the audience not to generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

making an ad hominem attack against teenagers by calling them apples.

using loaded words to appeal to the audience's fear of teen drivers.

rationalizing the notoriously poor decisions of teenage drivers.

urging the audience not to generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

Explanation:

When someone generalizes, he or she makes a statement that relates to many people, and that's exactly what the author urges his audience not to do:

"don't punish everyone just because of a few bad apples", i.e. don't generalize all teens based on a few bad drivers.

the correct answer is b. in order to explain a point clearly in an essay, it is always better to include a clear example of your ideas. including an scenario in which a family is affected by consumerism will support your argument as well as supporting details, such as quotations from experts and statistics. option a could be correct, but statistics and quotations are supporting ideas rather than clear explanations. choices c and d are simply inadequate. they do not add information about the effects of consumerism, rather they are strategies for engaging the reader