Which type of novel is characterized by complex characters, often with mixed motives, rooted in a highly developed social structure?
a. gothic
b. phycological
c. realistic
d. historical

Gothic is dark, often fantasy.  While it can have many characters, it is described as mystery or horror.  Psychological has many twists and turns often playing on one's psych or thoughts.  Historical is usually presented in a very straightforward text in which the characters are working their way through some type of period piece (like war or a battle).  Realistic is always full of complex characters that can have mixed motives and be developed through a social structure.  C is the best answer here.

a-he encouraged islamic schools to introduce greek texts.

d-he invited greek scholars to teach their texts to the locals.

explanation:

the transmission of the greek classics to latin western europe during the middle ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in western europe.[1] interest in greek texts and their availability was scarce in the latin west during the earlier middle ages, but as traffic to the east increased so did western scholarship.

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i believe the answer is b. we