For which of the following types of information must a source be cited?

paraphrase of source material
summary of source material
direct quotation from source material
all the above
none of the above

All of the above.

Explanation:

Citation exemplifies the reference to a source in the bibliography that could be published or unpublished. It is a type of acknowledgment to the source that has been used in research or paper to support the claims and arguments presented in the work and establish the credibility among the readers. Information taken from either a published or unpublished source must be cited in the bibliography. Thus, all the given options 'paraphrase of source material', 'summary of source material', or 'direct quotation from source material' must be cited as they all are used as sources to substantiate the central argument of the work. Thus, they need to be cited to avoid plagiarism, establish credibility, and substantiate the claim.

the anecdote makes readers feel sorry for the man’s lack of heritage, then reminds readers that the man has an equally valuable heritage.

"the sandy walls seemed to collapse in on themselves"

and

"the bloodshot waters seemed to have no bottom"