Flooding of the Chagres River was a problem with the construction of the Panama Canal. During occasional floods, the flowrate near Barbacoas would rise as high as 600,000 gal/s compared to 7500 gal/s in the dry season. If the effects of friction must be considered, determine the diameter needed for a 1500 ft wrought iron pipe to carry away 75,000 gal/s. The water is released at sea level(a drop in elevation of about 200 ft).

A3-mm-thick panel of aluminum alloy (k 177 w/m-k, c 875 j/kg-k and ? = 2770 kg/m) is finished on both sides with an epoxy coating that must be cured at or above t,-150°c for at least 5 min. the production line for the curing operation involves two steps: (1) heating in a large oven with air at ts,0-175°c and a convection coefficient of h, 40 w/m2. k, and (2) cooling in a large chamber with air at 25°c and a con- vection coefficient of he 10 w/m2.k. the heating portion of the process is conducted over a time interval te which exceeds the ime required to reach 150°c by 5 min (h = r + 300 s). the coating has an emissivity of ? = 0.8, and the temperatures of the oven and chamber walls are 175 and 25°c, respectively. if the panel is placed in the oven at an initial temperature of 25°c and removed from the chamber at a safe-to-touch tempera ture of 37°c, what is the total elapsed time for the two-step curing operation?

In a unit cell of fcc structure, indicate the position of one of the tetrahedral interstitial sites by plotting the corresponding tetrahedron. do the same for one of the octahedral interstitial sites (in a separate fcc unit cell). mark the positions of all the tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites in the unit cells. how many equivalent tetrahedral sites and how many equivalent octahedral sites are contained in a fcc unit cell, respectively. what is the coordination number for a tetrahedral site and what is the coordination number for an octahedral site?

Precipitation hardening can be achieved in many light alloys by a three-step heat treatment. what is carried out and what is the purpose at each step? why is such a treatment necessary based on the nucleation and growth theory of phase transformation. compare this treatment with tempering martensite for carbon steels (similarities and differences).