PROJECT: CREATING A TIMELINE You have learned about three cutting-edge, life-extending technologies: the artificial heart, the artificial lung, and the bioartificial liver. None of these technologies were invented by a single research team. Each design builds on a large body of knowledge created by other people in the field. In this assignment, you will learn more about the history of one of these artificial organs by creating a timeline. In addition, you will make three predictions for the future of the technology based on your research.

In this assignment, you will do the following:

Choose one of the three artificial organs from this lesson that you would like to investigate more thoroughly.
Find three references that detail the history of the development of the technology. Because new advances are constantly being made, you should use the most up-to-date sources, such as those found online or in current journal articles.
Create a timeline for the device. The timeline should be a graphic representation of the passage of time. You must include at least fifteen events on your timeline. The events should include both advances in the understanding of the basic science behind the device and the technological developments. You may wish to supplement your timeline with pictures and quotations.
Based on your research, make three predictions for future improvements of your device. Estimate an approximate time frame for your predictions and place them on your timeline. Make sure that it is clear from the timeline that these events are only future predictions and not actual events.

To complete your assignment, submit the following:
Your completed timeline
A list of all of the references you used to conduct your research

Artificial Lung

1982: Cardiothoracic surgeon William DeVries, MD, carefully removed the ravaged heart of Dr. Barney Clark—a heart that tore like tissue paper due to years of treatment with steroids—and replaced it with the world's first permanent artificial heart

Dr. Willem Johan Kolff begins research to develop a heart-lung machine and an artificial heart.

1950

Dr. Kolff emigrates from the Netherlands with his wife and their five children to begin work at Cleveland Clinic as a research assistant.

Cleveland Clinic morning meeting*

1956

Dr. Kolff finishes development of one of the first heart-lung machines.

1957

At the Cleveland Clinic, Dr. Kolff and Dr. Tetsuzo Akutsu conduct a series of animal implants with the artificial heart; a dog survives for approximately 90 minutes.

Kolff-Akutsu Heart*

1963

Ventriloquist Paul Winchell is granted the first patent for an artificial heart. Winchell’s work is aided by Dr. Henry Heimlich, who later develops the Heimlich maneuver to save choking victims. Years later, Winchell signs over his patent rights to Dr. Kolff at the University of Utah.

1967

Dr. Kolff leaves the Cleveland Clinic to start the Division of Artificial Organs at the University of Utah. He continues developing the artificial heart with surgeon Dr. Clifford Kwan-Gett and engineer Thomas Kessler.

Dr. Kolff and Dr. Kwan-Gett*

The first successful heart transplant is performed in Cape Town, South Africa, by Dr. Christiaan Barnard.

1969

Dr. Denton Cooley at the Texas Heart Institute becomes the first heart surgeon to implant an artificial heart in a human subject. The patient lives on the artificial heart, designed by Dr. Domingo Liotta, for 64 hours, but dies 32 hours after transplantation of a donor heart.

1971-1979

Three important figures join Dr. Kolff’s team: veterinarian Don Olsen (leads the animal implants), medical engineer Robert Jarvik (designs various artificial hearts) and surgeon Dr. William DeVries (leads the transition from animal implants to human implants).

L to R: Don Olsen, Dr. Kolff, Dr. Robert Jarvik*

1973

Calf “Tony” lives 30 days on an early Kolff Total Artificial Heart (TAH).

1976

Calf “Abebe” lives for 184 days on the Jarvik 5 TAH.

The Jarvik 5 TAH*

1981

Calf “Alfred Lord Tennyson” lives for 268 days on the Jarvik 5 TAH.

Don Olsen with “Alfred Lord Tennyson”*

Dr. Kolff submits a request to the FDA to implant a TAH into a human subject.

1982

On December 2, the Jarvik 7 is implanted into 61-year-old dentist Dr. Barney Clark, who lives for 112 days. The surgery is led by Dr. DeVries and Dr. Lyle Joyce.

Dr. Barney Clark and his wife, Una Loy*

1983

Dr. Kolff steps down from the board of Kolff Medical, manufacturer of artificial hearts in Utah, including the Jarvik 7.

1984

William J. Schroeder becomes the second human recipient of the Jarvik 7 and survives 620 days before dying of a lung infection. At the time, this was the longest that anyone had survived with an artificial heart.

1985

March: Dr. Jack Copeland at University Medical Center (UMC) in Tucson, Ariz., implants a prototype artificial heart, known as the Phoenix heart, in a patient who had rejected a recently transplanted heart. The patient, 33-year-old Michael Creighton, lived on the Phoenix heart for 11 hours, but died 60 hours after transplantation of a second donor heart.

August: Dr. Copeland becomes the first surgeon to successfully use the Jarvik 7 as a bridge to human heart transplant. His patient Michael Drummond, 25, lives nine days on the Jarvik 7 before receiving a donor heart.

1990

The FDA closes Symbion, Inc. operations due to violations of FDA guidelines and regulations. The Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) for the clinical study of the TAH is withdrawn.

1991

To save the TAH technology, UMC and MedForte Research Foundation form a new corporation and joint venture, CardioWest Technologies, Inc. Symbion, Inc. transfers the Jarvik 7 technology to UMC, where the Jarvik 7 is subsequently renamed the CardioWest™ Total Artificial Heart.

2001

SynCardia Systems, Inc. is formed by interventional cardiologist Dr. Marvin J. Slepian, biomedical engineer Richard G. Smith, MSEE, CEE, and cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Jack Copeland with private funding to continue the IDE clinical study with a goal of achieving commercial approval of the CardioWest Total Artificial Heart.

2004

October 15: The CardioWest Total Artificial Heart receives FDA approval, becoming the first TAH to do so. The official name given to the device through the FDA approval process is the SynCardia temporary CardioWest™ Total Artificial Heart.

2008

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reverses its 1986 national non-coverage policy for artificial hearts and approves reimbursement for the SynCardia TAH when implanted as part of an FDA study that meets CMS specifications.

CMS issues its final decision to reimburse the SynCardia TAH through the highest paying Diagnostic Related Group codes, plus new technology add-on payments.

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