The settlement of foundations is typically the result of three separate occurrences that take place in the soil which provides support. List these factors and give a brief description of each. Explain the difference between soil compression, soil consolidation, and compaction. Explain the difference between a normally consolidate and an over-consolidated soil deposit.

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Explanation:

Three factors which cause Settlement of Foundation include;

1a. Irregularities in the amount of moisture - Soil can be easily weakened when there is too much moisture.

1b. Incompatible soil types - When the soil texture is not so strong as to withstand pressure from the foundation, settlement of foundation could occur. To tackle this problem, the soil type has to be properly evaluated and the appropriate load-bearing footings should be used.

1c. Improper compaction of fill soils - When fill soils are properly compacted, it can support foundations well. But proper compaction would make them to weaken under the pressure of the foundation.

2. Soil compression is the reduction in the volume of soil which occurs when the soil is under the pressure of a load. It is a common factor in both soil consolidation and compaction.

Soil consolidation occurs when the weight of a building compresses or exerts pressure on a weak soil. Water is removed from the soil in this process.

Soil compaction is the compression of a soil mass as a result of mechanical pressure. The air void is removed from the soil mass.

3. A soil is overconsolidated when an exerting pressure was removed and then applied again.

Normal consolidation occurs when the soil at present is undergoing a very high pressure from a load.

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