An a/d converter has an input range of +-10v. if the input is 8v, what is the quantzationation error in volts and as a percent of input voltage if the converter has 8 bit, 12bits, 16 bits

Aturning operation is performed with following conditions: rake angle of 12°, a feed of 0.35 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 1.1 mm. the work piece is aluminum alloy 6061 with t6 heat treatment (a16061-t6). the resultant chip thickness was measured to be 1.0 mm. estimate the cutting force, fc. use shear stress of 207 mpa and coefficient of friction on the tool face of 0.6.