what is the term for software that is exclusively controlled by a company, and cannot be used or modified without permission?

The open systems interconnection (osi) reference model: defines standards for many aspects of computing and communications within a network. is a generic description for how computers use multiple layers of protocol rules to communicate across a network. defines standards for wireless local area network (wlan) communication protocols. details the advantages and disadvantages of various basic network cabling options.

To produce a starlight effect in her photograph, lina should choose the filter for her camera.

How do i comment on answers? there's one answer i'm confused about but i don't know how to comment on it