You are a security administrator for a midsized company that uses several applications on its client computers. After the installation of a specialized program on one computer, a software application executed an online activation process. Then, a few months later, the computer experienced a hardware failure. A backup image of the operating system was restored on a newer revision of the same brand and model computer. After that restoration, the specialized program no longer works. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the problem?