There was a software crisis in 1968, as result of programming abilities, due to the invention of integrated circuits (chips).a. trueb. false

The correct answer to the following question will be "False".

Explanation:

Integrated Circuits: An integrated circuit, is a compact chip capable of acting as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even memory device.

The past of computing clusters beginning in 1960 is marked by the transformation from the vacuum chamber to solid-state systems such as transistors and integrated circuit (IC) chips afterward. By 1959, discrete components were considered accurate and economical enough to render additional vacuum tube computers noncompetitive.

Therefore, the given statement is false.