Consider problem 3.1 from the required textbook for this course. that is, a 32-bit hash function defined as the concatenation of two 16-bit functions: xor and rxor. xor is described in section 3.2 as a simple vertical parity check, assuming that the hash is initialized to all zeros. rxor is described as a 1-bit left-shift rotation performed on the current hash value before each block (in sequence) is being xor-ed with it. that is, process each successive n-bit block of data: a. rotate the current hash value to the left by one bit. b. xor the block into the hash value. is it true that the following bit flips result in finding a message different than the original and that this new message "produces" the same hash? hint: write the original rxor hash and compare it to the final rxor hash you compute.

3.2.5 suppose that we have an estimate ahead of time of how often search keys are to be accessed in a bst, and the freedom to insert items in any order that we desire. should the keys be inserted into the tree in increasing order, decreasing order of likely frequency of access, or some other order? explain your answer.

Data is processed, stored, and transmitted as a series of 1s and 0s. each 1 or 0 is called a(n) . a series of eight 0s and 1s, called a(n) , represents one character—a letter, number, or punctuation mark. data becomes when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. digital signals are represented by two different , such as +5 volts and +.2 volts. digital data can also take the form of light and dark spots etched onto the surface of a cd or the positive and negative orientation of particles on the surface of a hard disk. data consists of numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations. it can be represented digitally using the number system. data is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations. computers represent this type of data using , ebcdic, unicode, or utf-8. data is quantified using terms such as or kibibyte (1024 bytes), and prefixes such as or mebi (1,048,576), and giga or (1,073,741,824). to reduce file size and transmission times, digital data can be compressed. compression provides the means to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state. compression throws away some of the original data during the compression process. compressed files usually have at the end of the file name and are represented with special icons. these files have to be or unzipped before you can view the data they contain.

in 2007, floridians died in alcohol-related collisions.a.  501b.  1,051c.  5,015d.  10,839