We can extend the 3-stage clos network as follows: a p input and p output clos network can be defined as a 3-stage network where stage 0 and stage 2 consist of p 2 2 × 2 switches while stage 1 consists of two p 2 × p 2 switches. the definition can be applied recursively to stage 1 until the network consists only of 2 × 2 switches. using the above definition, each √ n × √ n crossbar switch of the network in part a can be implemented using only 2 × 2 switches. draw a √ 16 × √ 16 crossbar switch and define the connectivity requirement from stage 0 to stage 1.