Describe the nature and variety of instruments used to detect radiation.

Explanation:

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Radiation is an emission of particles in space. There are different instruments for measurement. Some instruments are:

for solar radiation there are different types of pyranometers

for ionizing radiation there are different radioactivity meters and dosimeters

c. heat could easily travel through the molecules in the air and escape/enter the flask. removing the air slows down the heat transfer.  

answer : a model is often used to explain and make things easier to understand when any scientific topic needs to be demonstrated and explained.

as in this case where a scientist wants to use a model to present the results of his detailed scientific investigation. he should do it as it will him to make the audience understand the concept in a much better way. also, it can be changed according to new scientific understandings.