Chemistry, 05.08.2019 00:30 rikac72791

Surface roughness can be measured as either an arithmetic average (aa) or a root-mean-square (rms) average. which value is almost always greater for most surfaces:

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Answer from: suji89

Rms
The rms average amplifies the effect of isolated large deviations from the mean, while the arithmetic average evens out the larger deviations. For instance, let's assume you have a nice surface finish that is about +/- 3 microns from the desired surface and have one large defect of +10 microns. Let's see what happens with the math:
Surface roughness measurements:
-2.49, 2.5, -1.67, -1.62, -1.72, 0.4, -1.75, -1.63, 2.07, 10
The AA value for the 1st 9 values in the above list is 1.761111
The RMS value for the 1st 9 values is 1.855505
Notice that they're both fairly close to each other.
Now let's recalculate using all 10 values.
AA value is 2.585. A jump of 0.8238.
RMS value is 3.6192. A jump of 1.7637. The increase in the RMS value is over twice that of the AA value.

Answer from: Quest

Happy new years every one

Answer from: Quest

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{1}$ and electronic configuration of phosphorous is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{3}$ .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

$3na + p \rightarrow na_{3}p$

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

Electrons are transferred from atoms of to atoms of this transfer makes the sodium atoms and the

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