Can an element with eight valence electrons still be reactive?

In the following redox reaction which is the oxidizing agent and which is the reducing agent? alcl3 + na nacl + al oxidizing agent = reducing agent =

Abeaker with 2.00×102 ml of an acetic acid buffer with a ph of 5.000 is sitting on a benchtop. the total molarity of acid and conjugate base in this buffer is 0.100 m. a student adds 4.70 ml of a 0.360 m hcl solution to the beaker. how much will the ph change? the pka of acetic acid is 4.740.

Why is it possible for different microorganisms to extract energy not only from carbohydrates and other biological molecules but from a large variety of substances?