30) in adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:
a) store adipose tissue
b) form blood cells
c) store calcium and phosphorus
d) cause lengthwise growth in long bones
e) decrease friction at joint surfaces

31) the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:
a) bone is dead
b) bone length is no longer increasing
c) bone diameter is increasing
d) bone diameter is decreasing
e) bone length is increasing

32) the bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (pth) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called:
a) osteocytes
b) chondrocytes
c) erythrocytes
d) osteoclasts
e) osteoblasts

33) a round or oval opening through a bone is a:
a) facet
b) fossa
c) foramen
d) fissure
e) trochanter

34) which of the following bones is not considered part of the appendicular skeleton:
a) femur
b) sternum
c) radius
d) metatarsals
e) scapula

35) what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo:
a) elastic connective tissue
b) dense fibrous connective tissue
c) fibrocartilage
d) hyaline cartilage
e) loose fibrous connective tissue

36) which of the following is an example of a bone that forms from fibrous membranes:
a) the parietal bone
b) the radius
c) the humerus
d) the femur
e) the tibia

37) there are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages:
1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation
2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation
a) 4, 3, 2, 1
b) 4, 3, 1, 2
c) 1, 2, 3, 4
d) 1, 3, 4, 2
e) 1, 3, 2, 4

38) a compound fracture can be described as when:
a) the bone is crushed
b) the broken bone ends are forced into each other
c) the broken bone is exposed to the outside
d) the bone is broken into many fragments
e) adjacent bones fracture simultaneously

39) the axial skeleton contains:
1. skull
2. arms and legs
3. ribs and sternum
4. vertebrae
5. pelvic girdles
a) 1, 3, 4, 5
b) 1, 3, 4
c) 2, 5
d) 2, 3, 4, 5
e) 1, 2, 3, 5

40) the fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are:
a) alveolar margins
b) sinuses
c) palate
d) crista galli
e) fontanels

41) which of these bones is associated with the hand:
a) talus
b) calcaneus
c) metatarsals
d) tarsals
e) metacarpals

42) the hyoid bone is unique because:
a) it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
b) it has an unusual shape
c) it is covered with mucosa
d) it has no specific function
e) it largely consists of cartilage

43) how many true ribs do humans have:
a) three
b) five
c) seven
d) twelve
e) fifteen

44) the atlas is the:
a) last lumbar vertebra
b) first thoracic vertebra
c) part of the sacrum
d) second cervical vertebra
e) first cervical vertebra

45) which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior:
a) floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs
b) floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs
c) true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
d) true ribs, floating ribs, false ribs
e) false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs

46) the sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:
a) ischium, ilium, coccyx
b) pubis, ischium, ilium
c) manubrium, body, xiphoid process
d) jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
e) true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process

47) which two bones constitute the forearm:
a) radius and humerus
b) humerus and scapula
c) fibula and tibia
d) ulna and radius
e) femur and fibula

48) the tailbone is the:
a) ischium
b) sacrum
c) pubis
d) coccyx
e) patella

49) which of the following is correct of the female pelvis when comparing it with the male pelvis:
a) the angle of the female pubic arch is smaller

30) A) store adipose tissue

The yellow marrow is making and storing adipose tissue. Red marrow in the long bone will slowly turn into the yellow marrow, so yellow marrow is more common in adults.

31) E) bone length is increasing

Epiphyseal plate is a cartilage that can be found at the end of the long bone. Bone formation is done at the epiphyseal plate. That is why it is found in children and teenager, whom the bone is still growing. Some disease can make the epiphyseal plate to close early, make the patient stature short.

32) Anwer: D) osteoclasts

Osteo means bone. The osteoblast is young osteocyte. The osteocyte is creating bone. The osteoclast is "eating" bone. By eating the bone, osteoclast can release calcium into the blood. So, one of the main function of osteoclasts is maintaining blood calcium level.

33) C) foramen

Foramen is a round hole in bone. One of the examples would be foramen magnum, a big hole in the skull base where the nervous system pass through.

34) B) sternum

Appendicular skeleton is the bone that makes the appendages. That means an axial bone would definitely out of it. Sternum is the bone in the chest that connect to rib cage, so it's an axial bone. Scapula located near the chest, but it still counts as appendiges since it connects to the upper arm.

35) D) hyaline cartilage

The hyaline cartilage is fibrous tissue that was formed by the embryo. It will be replaced with hard mineral with ossification process and become the bone latter.

36) A) the parietal bone

Fibrous connection doesn’t allow movement. Radius, humerus, Femur, and tibia is a bone that has a high degree of mobility. The parietal bone of skull doesn’t have movement because it was for protection, not mobility.

37) B) 4, 3, 1, 2

In the first phase there will be hematoma. After that, a soft callus that made from fibrocartilage. The callus will be harden into a bony callus. After that, osteoclast will do remodeling to remove the excess bone.

38) C) the broken bone is exposed to the outside

 If the broken bone is exposed it is called “open fracture” or compound fracture. When the bone is crushed its called compression fracture.

39) B) 1, 3, 4

Axial bone is the bone that forms head, the body, and vertebrae. Skull is bone in the bead. Ribs and sternum are located in the body. 

40) E) fontanels

Fontanelle is the connection of bone in the skull that can be found in fetus. It would be a soft palpable gaps in the head.  In fetus, the skull connection is still loose, allowing the expand of head in their growth. But the connection will be closed slowly, resulting in suture in adult.

41) E) metacarpals

Metacarpal is the bone in the palm of the hand that will connect to the finger bone. Metatarsals are the bone with similar function to metacarpal, but it located in the feet. Talus and calcaneus make the heel of the feet.

42) A) it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

Hyoid bone shaped like a ring and located in the neck, above the thyroid bone. Hyoid bone is the bone where the tongue muscle connect to. The hyoid itself doesn’t need to move so it doesnt need to articulate with other bone.

43) C) seven

Human has seven pairs of true ribs, three pairs of false ribs and two pairs of floating ribs. Ribs are important for respiratory system.

44) E) first cervical vertebra

Atlas is a special bone in cervical vertebrae because it has a different joint. Atlas allow more movement to the cervical/neck bone. Without atlas, your neck wouldn’t be able to rotate or doing nodding movement.

45) C) true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

Superior mean upper, and inferior mean lower. The upper ribs should be true ribs since it will project until the frontmost part of the chest and connect to the sternum. False ribs connect to true ribs, so it must be below true ribs.

46) C) manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Sternum can be divided into 3 parts. The manubrium is the head of sternum that will connect with clavicula. The body is the mid part and biggest part that connect to the ribs. The xiphoid process is the lowest part of sternum.

47) D) ulna and radius

Forearm is made from two bone, radius and ulna. Radius is the bone that located near the thumb. Humerus is the bone at the upperarm. Scapula is bone on the shoulder blade. Fibula and tibia are located in the lower leg. Femur is the bone on thigh.

48) D) coccyx

Tailbone is the lowest part of vertebrae. Sacrum is located above the tailbone. Ischium and pubis should be part of pelvis. Patella is on your knee, not in the vertebrae.

49) angle of the female pubic arch is larger.

A woman has to deliver children and the children will pass through the pelvis. That mean woman pelvis should be bigger than children head(head is the biggest part of the baby). A bigger pelvis should have bigger angle since it has more width. 

3

explanation:

the dissolution of polymer can be thermodynamically described in 2 steps.