When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule when the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule forms a covalent bond with another atom gains or loses a proton is an ion is an isotope?

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule:

is an ion. < this is the answer

An ion is a species (an atom of group of atoms) with excess of charge.

When the proton number exceeds the electron number there is excess of positive charge and the ion is positively charged. This kind of ions is named cation (positive ion).

When the electron number exceeds the proton number, there is excess of negative charge and the ion is negatively charged. This kind of ions is named anion (negative ion).

For cyclohexane compounds drawn in a chair conformation:   -axial bonds are vertical  -equatorial bonds are parallel to two bonds within the ring.  thus, as i assume the chair conformation is drawn:   -the x group is in an axial position, as are the five other vertical bonds.  -three axial bonds are on the top face of the ring  -the other three axial bonds are on the bottom face  the position of the second substituent on each ring carbon is equatorial.  gauche groups must be on an adjacent carbon such as carbon 6 and carbon 2, and also gauche groups are rotated by 60 degrees relative to each other.  drawing the newman projections for c1–c2 and c1–c6 aids in visualizing the groups that are gauche to the y group on c1.  click this link and watch some academic videos that may you more understand the topic