Describe how the meniscus is used to read volume measurements on a graduated cylinder

Tthe liquid in a graduated cylinder curves up at the edge where the liquid meets the wall of the cylinder. This curve in the liquid is called the meniscus and is used to determiine the volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder by observing the measurement tick closest to the bottom of the meniscus.

Explanation:

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the number of valence electrons for each molecule or ion is shown beneath the structure. remember hydrogen will not have more than two electrons. this hydrogen is part of a covalent bond (sharing two electrons). a double bond here would cause hydrogen to share four electrons with phosphorus.

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