Why did most of the alpha particles go straight through the gold foil in Rutherford's experiment?

The fact that most alpha particles went straight through the foil is because the atom is mostly empty space.

Those that passed straight through did so because they didn't encounter any nuclei.

Explanation:

a c d and f

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c is having 4 valence electrons and is bonded to three hydrogens and one sulphur atom, therefore, the number of bond pair is equal to four. as all the valence electrons are used in forming the bonds so, there is no lone pair left on carbon.

s is having 6 valence electrons and is bonded to one other sulfur atom and one carbon atom, therefore, the number of bond pair is equal to 2. as only two valence electrons are used in forming the bonds so, four electrons are left. therefore, two lone pairs are present on s.