Explain how UPGMA and molecular clocks are similar. How can this similarity lead to errors in the relationships they may indicate

UPGMA or Unweighted pair group method with arthematic mean. UPGMA is the simplest method for constructing evolutionary trees. The great disadvantage of UPGMA that all lineages will evolve from the same speed similarly in the molecular clock principle tells that proteins and DNA sequences get evolves at a constant rate over time. this is the This is called a 'molecular clock hypothesis'.

Clustering methods generally use bottom-up clustering methods by both molecular clock and UPGMA or Unweighted pair group method with arthematic mean. It uses the clustering method by connecting similar sequences and further large distant sequences.

These similarities lead to some errors in the relationship.

1. generate wrong tree topologies in both frequently.

2. Re-rooting may not possible and many more.

a gas, having a molecular weight of 13 kg/kmol and a kinematic viscosity of 0.25 cm2/s, flows through a pipe 0.25 m internal diameter and 5 km long at the rate of 0.4 m3/s and is delivered at atmospheric pressure.

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