Observe the halogens. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid all at room temperature. Distinguish between these differences in phase.
es )
A)
From Fluorine to lodine, the number of electrons increases. This allows the
intermolecular forces to strengthen from temporary dipole (dispersion)
forces to permanent dipoles. Therefore, iodine is a solid because it has the
most electrons.
B)
From Fluorine to lodine, the nucleus gets larger. More neutrons, protons
and electrons allow the atoms of these elements to become more attracted
to each other. This is also the reason that the halogens are diatomic
naturally
From Fluorine to lodine, the molecular mass increases. With the increase in
mass, there is an increase in protons. This causes the strength of the
intermolecular forces between particles to increase as well.
D)
From Fluorine to lodine, the molecular mass increases. The electron
polarizability increases with the mass increase. In turn, this strengthens the
temporary dipole (dispersion) forces between particles.