What is the aphorism used by chemists to describe polarity?

The aphorism used by chemists to describe polarity is “like dissolves like”.

Polarity (physics), a physical alignment of atoms. Cell polarity, differences in the shape, structure, and function of cells. Chemical polarity, a concept in chemistry which describes how equally bonding electrons are shared between atoms. 

the term ionic state is the aphorism used by chemistry to depict polarity

Explanation:from Bohr's model of atom,electron exists in orbital which are defined energy level,when an element gains or loses electron(s) it forms positive and negative ion respectively.

The positive ions is known as cation,while the negative ions is known as anions .the cation is postively charged like the positive polarity in magnetism in physics while the negative ion or anion carries a negative charge like the negative end of polarity of a magnet.they both obey the basic law that like charge repel while unlike charge attracts. Example is the group one metals e.g Na,Li all loses the lone electron in their valence she'll to form cations depicted by Na^+,Li^+.on the other hand group VII elements like chlorine,atomic number 17,has electrons distributed as 2,8,7meaning it requires an electron to attain the inert status of the noble gases,hence it will attract an electron when reacting to form Cl^- an anion .

the correct answer is b. a strong acid completely dissociates to its ions when dissolved in water. completely dissociates to and ions. a is incorrect because does not fully ionize to and ions and some remain as the compound . c and d are incorrect because, and do not fall into the category of bronsted lowry acids. a bronsted lowry acid is a proton donor and since both molecules do not have a proton to donate they are not bronsted lowry acids. likewise,   if we use the lewis acid definition, they cannot be acids. a lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. both and have a complete octet so can not accept any electrons which disqualifies them as acids.

o conteúdo de calor de um sistema é igual à entalpia apenas para um sistema que é constante