1. you watch water falling from the top of a waterfall to the bottom. how would you characterize this physical phenomenon in terms of spontaneity? what if you wanted to move the water from the bottom of the falls to the top—how would you characterize that reaction?

Water falling from the top of the fall to the bottom is a spontaneous process. Raising water from the bottom to the top of the waterfall is a non-spontaneous process.

Explanation:

Water falling from the top of the fall to the bottom is a spontaneous process. The Earth’s gravity is pulling every object to the centre of the Earth. So it is difficult to overcome Earth’s centre of gravity and raise the water from the bottom to the top of the fall. Raising water from the bottom to the top of the waterfall is a non-spontaneous process.

neutrons are in the middle of the atom and the electrons, which are much smaller.