Elements in the halogen group are
a. very reactive
b. have seven electrons in the outer shell
c. react to form salts
d. all of the above

nanotechnology is a powerful tool in biomaterials research as it creates numerous possibilities for the engineering of functional molecules. nano-bio refers to projected ability to incorporate biomimicry into various materials at nanoscale.  

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."