Which of the following solutes will lower the freezing point of water the most?

a) the molecular compound sucrose (c₁₂h₂₂22o₁₁)

b) the iconic compound magnesium sulfate (mgso₄4)

c)the iconic lithium chloride (lici)

d)the iconic compound calcium fluoride(caf₂2)

D) the iconic compound calcium fluoride (CaF₂)

Explanation:

where,

= change in freezing point

i= vant hoff factor

= freezing point constant

m = molality

A) the molecular compound sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

: For non electrolytes like sucrose, vant hoff factor is 1.

B) the iconic compound magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄): For electrolytes, vant hoff factor is equal to the number of ions it produce on dissociation.

   Thus i= 2

C) the iconic lithium chloride (LiCI):

, thus  i=2.

Thus 1% produces most ions and thus lowers the freezing point to maximum.

D) the iconic compound calcium fluoride(CaF₂):

, thus  i=3.

Thus the compound with highest value of i, will depress the freezing point to maximum.

what is the volume occupied by 40 grams of argon gas (ar) at standard conditions? what volume, in liters, is occupied by 1.5 x 1023