Look at the dots around each symbol and the energy levels from the resources above
Be specific with your responses for each question. Your teaching the reader via answers!
Please answer the following questions:
Why does Na(sodium) have only one dot?
Why do none of these diagrams show more than 8 dots?
What relationship do you notice between the dots in these two charts?
The number of dots that hydrogen and helium have in their dot diagram is the same as the number of electrons shown for them on the Periodic Table. Why? (Hint: OCTET RULE)

Hi! I'd love to help you if I can. Is there a picture that was provided? I'm sure I can assist you, but there seems to be some missing information.

take a better picture and ill do it

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.