A student does a PCR to make copies of the HDR template transformation. They column-clean the PCR, eluting in 20 ul of warm elution buffer. They use 2 ul of the 20 ul stock to nanodrop the sample, and determine the concentration is 60 ng/ul. How many nanograms of HDR template does the student have left to use for future work (e. g. yeast transformations)

the student will have 1080 nanograms of HDR template left to use for future work

Explanation:

Given that:

the total volume of DNA which is eluted after the PCR clean up = 20ul

PCR clean up is a procedure by which the PCR product is gotten rid of DNA polymerase enzyme, excess primers, excess dNTPs so that these does not interfere in further experiments such as transformation.

using 2 ul of the 20 ul stock to nanodrop the sample

Concentration of the DNA after the PCR clean up = 60ng/ul

No, Since 2ul is used in the nanodrop, thus total volume left for further experiment will be = 20 - 2 = 18ul

Now, the total amount of the HDR template the student have left to use for future work will be;

⇒ 18ul × 60 ng/ul

= 1080 ng

Therefore, the student will have 1080 nanograms of HDR template left to use for future work

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.