What is meant by the term isotopes?

It is each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

B. nuclear reactions could first occur.

Large asteroid and comet impacts. because they can have a huge impact on the environment, such as a loss of land, and crust on the earth with the big holes they produce. on the other hand, volcanic eruptions can also cause change within the environment by producing land, but im actually not quite sure which one would be a better answer, hopefully you read this and didnt just flat out choose the first sentence i have spoken! your welcome~