g Which complexes in the electron transport chain contribute to the pumping of protons in to the intermembrane space

Complex I, Complex III, and Complex IV contribute to the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space.

Explanation:

In the electron transport chain, the energy of electron transfer is conserved in the transfer of protons from the inner mitochondrial matrix which becomes negatively charged, into the intermembrane space which becomes positively charged. The complexes involved in this process of pumping protons are Complexes I, III, and IV.

Complex I (also called NADH dehydrogenase): It pumps four protons into the intermembrane space simultaneously with the transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to ubiquinone.

Complex III (also called cytochrome bc₁ complex): It pumps four protons into the intermembrane space for every pair of electrons it transfers to cytochrome c.

Complex IV (also called cytochrome oxidase): For each electron pair transferred to molecular oxygen, it pumps two protons into the intermembrane space.

pre-sliced bread is a relatively recent development in baking technology. previous to that, it was always sold in a bakery in daily-made contiguous loaves with no wrapping, and was moderately perishable, usually being used with a day or two (which is why every bakery had a discounted “day-old” bread table.) therefore, pre-sliced bread would grow stale quickly. the hard crust provided a protective layer, and once the exposed dry slice left from the previous cut was removed, the interior was still soft.

what keeps bread soft is the moisture retained in the crumb (the light spongy part that’s not crust). the reason the crust develops is the surface of the dough gets exposed to hot dry air during baking which browns the outer layer and seals it, preventing all the moisture from escaping the dough. longer exposure to air will also eventually cause your bread to lose flavor and become stale.

people were used to cutting slices as they needed them and storing bread in a specially-made wooden or metal breadbox or pail with a lid to preserve it longer, but the first automatically sliced commercial loaves were produced on july 6, 1928, in chillicothe, missouri, using a machine invented by otto rohwedder, an iowa-born, missouri-based jeweler.[1] pre-sliced bread would indeed dry out, were it not for another 20th century technology: the plastic bag. bread could now be pre-sliced, and if the enclosing bag remains sealed as much as possible, the bread will remain soft and fresh for longer than if sitting unwrapped on a shelf or enclosed in a bread box that is not air-tight. sealed packaging meant bread could also be sold on store shelves and eliminate frequent trips to a bakery.

sealing bread in a plastic bag had another effect: the moisture in the loaf will re-distribute into the crust and soften it, which is sometimes more pleasing in a sandwich - especially for children whose teeth might not yet be strong enough to tear through a hard crust. a homemade loaf of bread can be sealed in a bag overnight and the crust will become soft like store-bought sandwich bread.

these were novel changes in how bread was produced and sold, which led to the coining of the phrase “the greatest thing since sliced bread.”

they are made of gases.

they have a spherical shape.

they make energy through fusion.