consider the reversible isothermal constant preasure freezing of 1.00 mol of water at 0.00C and 1.00 atm, calculate q, w, delt u, delt H

∆U = 0, ∆H = 0 , q = w, w = 2269.722 ln (V2/V1).

Explanation:

This question is about the application of the first law of thermodynamics. An ideal gas is one that can be represented by the equation of state, PV = nRT. The ideal gas' internal energy is a function of of temperature.

Isothermal changes are changes that occur at constant temperature. At constant temperature, ∆U = 0. Thus we have that q = w = ∫ P dv for isothermal expansion or compression.

Recall that; PV = nRT , thus P = nRT/V. Slotting in the P value into the equation q = w = ∫P dv. We will have w = nRT ln P1/P2.

Thus, q= w=( 1 × 8.314 × 273) ln ( P1/P2).

We are told that the pressure is contsant, yet no volume is given.

Assuming the we have the volume, the formula will be;

q = w = ( 1 × 8.314 × 273) ln (V2/V1).

Because Boyle's law states that P1 V1 = P2V2. Thus, V2 /V1 = P1/P2.

acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. instead, it is more likely to weaken the trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or poisoning them with toxic substances slowly released from the soil. the main atmospheric pollutants that affect trees are nitrates and sulphates.