1) Was the pH of any of the solutions significantly different than what you hypothesized? Explain 2) What is the pH range of the solutions you tested? Are any of the solutions very acidic or very basic? 3) What does pH measure? 4) Compare the hydrogen ion concentration in vinegar to window cleaner. 5) Is pH an absolute or a relative measure? Explain 6) Word Origins. The p in pH stands for the German word Potenz, which means "power" or "potential". The H represents the hydrogen ions (H+). How are these related to the definition of pH? 7) Describe the relationship between the hydrogen ions (H+) and pH. How is pH related to a solution’s acidity? 8) Do you notice anything about the solutions on the pH scale, their pH, and their location on the pH scale?

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.