Define the following and also discuss group trends and period trends of the following 1.Ionization energy 2.electron affinity 3.electronegativity 4.Atomic Radii

Explanation:

1. Ionization Energy - Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The first or initial ionization energy or Ei of an atom or molecule is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions.

Trends - Moving left to right within a period or upward within a group, the first ionization energy generally increases.

2.electron affinity-The electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion

Trends-Electron affinity increases upward for the groups and from left to right across periods of a periodic table because the electrons added to energy levels become closer to the nucleus, thus a stronger attraction between the nucleus and its electrons.

Electron affinity becomes less negative down a group. As the principal quantum number increases, the size of the orbital increases and the affinity for the electron is less.

3.electronegativity-Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Trends-On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group. As a result, the most electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table, while the least electronegative elements are found on the bottom left.

Electronegativity increases across a period because the number of charges on the nucleus increases. That attracts the bonding pair of electrons more strongly.

4.Atomic Radii-The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons.

Trends- The atomic radius of atoms generally decreases from left to right across a period. There are some small exceptions, such as the oxygen radius being slightly greater than the nitrogen radius. Within a period, protons are added to the nucleus as electrons are being added to the same principal energy level

In general, atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group. ... Down a group, the number of energy levels (n) increases, so there is a greater distance between the nucleus and the outermost orbital. This results in a larger atomic radius