Water exists as a simple molecule. Describe the bonding present in water and how the electrons are involved in these bonds.

The *intramolecular* bonding between the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms are called Covalent Bonds.

Covalent bonds are strong electrostatic attractions between 2 positively charged nuclei and a shared pair of electrons.

The *intermolecular bonding* of water molecules is called hydrogen bonding as well as instantaneous - induced dipole interaction.

Instantaneous-induced dipoles is where 2 water molecules interact. The results in negative electron clouds repelling each other resulting in a region of positive charge - the molecules are said to have an induced positive charge.

This water molecule with an induced positive charge then attracts electrons from a neighbouring water molecules - resulting in an instantaneous negative dipole.

These dipoles are fleeting/temporary and are the weakest intermolecular bonds.

Hydrogen bonding is a result of the 2 line pair of electrons in Oxygen atom of the water moelcule. These electrons are attracted to extremely electronegative (electronegativity :ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons) elements such as Oxygen from a neighbouring water molecule resulting in what is known as hydrogen bonding,

Qrepresents joules in the formula