The mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involves addition and elimination steps. Explain which of the steps is rate determining.

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Rocks, as they are compressed, begin forming mountains above the earth's surface when two continental plates converge. the continental crust increases in depth as the mountains grow above. the himalayan mountains formed at a convergent plate boundary in this manner. the rocks are smashed together causing them to due to the intense heat and pressure from the colliding plates and eventually forming rock. a) melt; igneous b) layer; sedimentary c) recrystallize; metamorphic d) melt into the earth's interior; metamorphic

In vapor-liquid equilibrium in a binary mixture, both components are generally present in both phases. how many degrees of freedom are there for such a system? the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia occurs in the gas phase. how many degrees of freedom are there for this system? steam and coal react at high temperatures to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. the following reactions have been suggested as being involved in the chemical transformation: