For the following errors, determine if the error will affect the calculation of qsystem. If it does affect the calculation, then state if it will increase or decrease the value of qsystem.

a. Placing the hot aluminum rod on the lab bench for 30 seconds before adding it to the calorimeter.
b. Adding 50 mL of water, but only recording the volume of water as 30 mL.
c. The solid NH4NO3 did not all dissolve after adding it to the water.
d. Some of the HCl splashed out while pouring it into the calorimeter.