An underground storage tank has sprung a leak, sending 184 kilograms of ethanol into the subsurface soil. Ethanol can be used as an electron donor under either aerobic (oxygen is the electron acceptor) or sulfate reducing (sulfate is reduced to H2S) conditions. a) How many electrons are transferred during the oxidation of ethanol (C2H5OH) to carbon dioxide (CO2)? b) Construct the stoichiometric energy generating reaction from the half reactions associated with the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to CO2. c) Construct the stoichiometric energy generating reaction from the half reactions associated with oxidation of ethanol to CO2 under sulfate reducing conditions. e) Calculate the standard free energy (G0) available from the sulfate reducing energy generating reaction and compare it to the energy derived from the aerobic oxidation. Which of the two modes of metabolism of ethanol provides more energy to the organism and why you think this is the case? f) If you want to pump aerated water (7.0 mg oxygen per liter) into the subsurface to support the mineralization of the ethanol, how many gallons of water will you have to pump? Use the tables in the Energy Calculations Appendix as needed. 20 points

most historians agree that gabriel mouton, the vicar of st. paul’s church in lyons, france, is the “founding father” of the metric system. he proposed a decimal system of measurement in 1670. mouton based it on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle of the earth (now called a nautical mile, 1852 meters). he also proposed the swing-length of a pendulum with a frequency of one beat per second as the unit of length (about 25 cm). a pendulum beating with this length would have been fairly easy to produce, thus facilitating the widespread distribution of uniform standards. over the years, his work was revised, improved, and extended by a number of french scientists.

the political sponsor of weights and measures reform in the french revolutionary national assembly was the bishop of autun, better known as talleyrand. under his auspices, the french academy appointed several committees to carry out the work of developing a usable system of weights and measures for france. one of the committees recommended a decimalized measurement system based upon a length equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a quadrant of the earth’s meridian (i.e., one ten-millionth of the distance between the equator and the north pole).

your answer is c) plasma

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qualitative observation deals with data that can be observed with our senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. they do not involve measurements or numbers. for instance, colors, shapes, and textures of objects are all qualitative observations.