Select T/F for each of the following statements regarding Platinum Group Metals (PGMs):

1) Platinum group metals that were exposed to air are extremely corrosion resistant and unreactive because of the very strong and coherent oxide layer that forms on their surfaces.
2) The lower members of the platinum group metals, especially, are extremely dense because their crystal structures are close-packed and these atoms tend to offer numerous d electrons in a metallic bond, resulting in highly efficient packing of relatively heavy metal ions in the bulk metal.
3) The extremely high bond strengths of the PGMs result in very low thermal expansion coefficients and extremely high elastic moduli.
4) Because PGMs tend to donate so many electrons to the bulk metal when forming metallic bonds (up to 8 donated electrons), these metals feature a high concentration of "free" electrons that result in extremely high electrical conductivities compared to metals that feature a more typical valence state (1-2 donated electrons).
5) PGM's are extremely rare in the earth's crust, resulting in extremely high prices and limited-quantity use for specialty applications.

1) False 2) True 3) True 4) False 5) True

Explanation:

1) Platinum metal is corrosion resistant because of its less reactivity due to high ionization energy.

2) The intermediate layer of platinum group metals, are extremely dense because their crystal structures are close-packed and these atoms tend to offer numerous d electrons in a metallic bond, resulting in highly efficient packing of relatively heavy metal ions in the bulk metal.

3)  The extremely high bond strengths of the PGMs result in very low thermal expansion coefficients and extremely high elastic moduli.

4) Platinum came at number 10 in metals according to its electric conductivity property. There are other metals with different valence state that have high electric conductivity than platinum.

5) PGM's occurs at the concentration of 0.005 ppm in the earth's crust, resulting in extremely high prices and the price was 32 $ per gram in 2020.

but know think of it in terms of bond breaking and bond making.

h–h + h–h + o=o ==> h–o–h + h–o–h

as you can see from the diagram, theoretically, more energy is released by forming water, than was absorbed in breaking up the original hydrogen and oxygen molecules.

the energy level of the fuel + oxygen is higher than that of water.

therefore the fuel + oxygen mixture has the potential to release potential chemical energy as heat energy or, crucially, electrical energy, if the reaction can be made to go via  oxidation and reduction reactions involving electron transfer.

see this page for more details of the full  bond energy calculations

a  fuel cell  is a device to make electricity that functions like an electrical cell or battery that you supply with a fuel (liquid or gas) and an oxidant (oxidising agent, usually oxygen gas) which react together in a redox reaction (oxidation + reduction) to release energy as a flow of electrons i.e. an electrical current capable of doing useful work.

the oxidation of the fuel and the reduction of the oxidant reactions take place on electrodes (see diagram on right, all fully explained further down the page).

fuel cells essentially a device to release the chemical potential energy of combustible fuels as electrical energy  at a much lower temperature and without the flame!

so, the idea of a  hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell  is to release the energy from hydrogen reacting with oxygen, not as heat as in normal combustion in air, but as  useful electrical energy  i.e. a practical electricity supply.

hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are much efficient than conventional power stations or batteries (e.g. zinc-carbon) because the electrical energy is directly generated from the chemical reaction between the oxidant and the fuel - there are no complications with boilers, turbines and generators.

in fossil fuel power stations, motor vehicles, coal/gas fires etc. quite a percentage of energy is lost as waste heat.

with a fuel cell there are fewer stages in producing the useful energy, so there is less opportunity to lose potentially useful energy e.g. waste heat, friction from moving parts etc.

a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell is a non–polluting clean fuel since the only combustion product is water.

fuel cells  do not produce pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides - gases you get from fossil fuel combustion in power stations or burnt road vehicles..

cars powered by fuel cells would be quite an environmental advantage in cities, where electric cars are already beginning to be significantly used in developed countries.

fuel cells could replace larger batteries which are not easily recycled and contain highly toxic metal compounds.

it would be an ideal fuel on this basis e.g. for motor vehicles, but that's not the only factor to consider!

it would be ideal if the hydrogen fuel could be manufactured by electrolysis of water e.g. using solar cells.

hydrogen can be used to power fuel cells.

it all sounds wonderful but, still technological problems to solve for large scale manufacture and distribution of 'clean' hydrogen gas or use in generating electricity and its rather an inflammable explosive gas!

explanation:

fuel cells e.g. the hydrogen-oxygen fuel electrical cell

fuel cells have to be supplied by an external source of fuel (e.g. hydrogen) and an oxidant e.g. oxygen or air.

the hydrogen or any other fuel is oxidised electrochemically inside the fuel cell to produce a potential difference i.e. a voltage capable of producing a working current.

the overall chemical reaction in a hydrogen fuel electrochemical cell involves the oxidation of hydrogen by oxygen to produce only water.

hydrogen fuel cells offer an alternative to rechargeable cells and batteries.

a fuel cell will produce a potential difference  ('voltage')  and a workable electric current until one of the reactants is used up.

hydrogen gas can be used as fuel.

it burns with a pale blue flame in air reacting with oxygen to be oxidised to form water.

hydrogen + oxygen  ==>   water

2h2(g)  + o2(g)  ==>   2h2o(l) 

i wish i could but this one is weird give me abc and i can solve it.