Identify the atoms that are oxidized and reduced, the change in oxidation state for each, and the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the following equations: (a) Mg(s)+NiCl2(aq)⟶MgCl2(aq)+Ni(s) (b) PCl3(l)+Cl2(g)⟶PCl5(s) (c) C2H4(g)+3O2(g)⟶2CO2(g)+2H2O(g) (d) Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq)⟶ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g) (e) 2K2S2O3(s)+I2(s)⟶K2S4O6(s)+2KI(s) (f) 3Cu(s)+8HNO3(aq)⟶3Cu(NO3)2(aq)+2NO( g)+4H2O(l)

An oxidizing agent, gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction. It is usually in the highest oxidation state as it gains (accepts) electrons and is reduced.

A reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized in a chemical reaction. A reducing agent is typically in one of its lower possible oxidation states, because it loses electrons (electron donor).

Having noted this, the following are the oxidation states of the substances in each equation.

Explanation:

Mg(s )+ NiCl2(aq)⟶MgCl2(aq)+ Ni(s) :

PCl3(l )+ Cl2(g)⟶ PCl5(s)

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)⟶2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

2K2S2O3(s) + I2(s)⟶ K2S4O6(s) +2KI(s)

3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) ⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

explanation:

crosscutting concepts have application across all domains of science. as such, they are a way of linking the different domains of science. they include patterns; cause and effect; scale, proportion, and quantity; systems and system models; energy and matter; structure and function; and stability and change.