What role do hydrogen ions, hydronium ions, and hydroxide ions play in chemical reactions?

Good indicators of the reaction medium

Explanation:

Hydrogen ions, hydroxonium ions and hydroxide ions shows us the medium in which a chemical reaction is taking place. We can predict whether reactions are taking place in an acidic, basic or neutral medium.

Since ions are formed in aqueous solutions, the listed ions imparts reactions taking place in an aqueous medium.

Some reactions are favored more when they take place in acidic medium. Such reactions have a high concentration of hydrogen and hydroxonium ions.

Others are favored by alkaline solutions and they have more hydroxide ions.

Chemical reactions in aqueous medium most times responds to changes in the pH which is concentration of these ions in solution.

the best answer is d because the strong cohesion is caused by the ability of water molecules to undergo hydrogen bonding.

a is incorrect because when water solidifies, it becomes   ice, which expands and occupies a bigger volume for the same mass of water in its liquid state.

b is incorrect because water has high surface tension. besides bonding to itself it hydrogen bonds to other molecules at the top decreasing possibility for breaking of attractive forces.

c is incorrect because the water molecule has oxygen which is highly electronegative and so pulls the electron pair towards itself creating a dipole moment, making the molecule polar.

e is incorrect because water has strong adhesion, ability to stick to other molecules such as glass because of this molecules having stronger hydrogen bonding than water.