The ionic radius for Na+ is 0.097 ηm and for Cl- is 0.181 ηm, the absolute value of the charge for each ion is 1.6x10-19 C, ε_o=8.85x10^(-12) C^2/Nm^2 and n = 9. Also, at Fmax the derivative of the force-distance function is zero. Find the constant B. What are the units of B?

B = (2.953 × 10⁻⁹⁵) N.m⁹

Explanation:

At equilibrium, where the distance between the two ions (ro) is the sum of their ionic radii, the force between the two ions is zero.

That is,

Fa + Fr = 0

Fa = - Fr

Fa = (|q₁q₂|)/(4πε₀r²)

Fr = -B/(r^n) but n = 9

Fr = -B/r⁹

(|q₁q₂|)/(4πε₀r²) = (B/r⁹)

|q₁| = |q₂| = (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹) C

(1/4πε₀) = k = (8.99 × 10⁹) Nm²/C²

r = 0.097 + 0.181 = 0.278 nm = (2.78 × 10⁻¹⁰) m

(k|q₁q₂|)/(r²) = (B/r⁹)

(k × |q₁q₂|) = (B/r⁷)

B = (k × |q₁q₂| × r⁷)

B = [8.99 × 10⁹ × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ × (2.78 × 10⁻¹⁰)⁷]

B = (2.953 × 10⁻⁹⁵) N.m⁹

pla·gia·rism

/ˈplājəˌrizəm/

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noun

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

explanation:

the density of gold = 19.3 g/cm3

the relation between density and mass and volume is

density = mass / volume

given :

mass of gold = 13 g

density = 13g / volume = 19.3

volume = 13 /19.3 = 0.67 cm^3

thus volume of gold nugget = 0.67 cm^3