"Thermite" reactions have been used for welding metal parts such as railway rails and in metal refining. One such thermite reaction is 3 Mg(s) + Cr2O3(s) → 3 MgO(s) + 2 Cr(s). During the reaction, the surroundings absorb 665.1 kJ/mol of heat. Is the reaction spontaneous at room temperature (298.15 K) under standard conditions?

The given reaction is non-spontaneous in nature.

Explanation:

Entropy change is defined as the difference in entropy of all the product and the reactants each multiplied with their respective number of moles.

The equation used to calculate entropy change is of a reaction is:

For the given chemical reaction:

The equation for the entropy change of the above reaction is:

We are given:

Putting values in above equation, we get:

For the reaction to be spontaneous, the Gibbs free energy of the reaction must come out to be negative.

To calculate the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction, we use the equation:

where,

= standard Gibbs free energy = ?

= standard enthalpy change of the reaction = 665.1 kJ/mol

T = Temperature = 298.15 K

= standard entropy change of the reaction = -0.0509 kJ/K.mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

As, the Gibbs free energy of the reaction is coming out to be positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous in nature.

Hence, the given reaction is non-spontaneous in nature.

when—without warning—something provokes your anger, you may struggle not to succumb to it. since what typically makes you mad is feeling powerless in the face of what seems unfair, your anger is mostly an attempt at a “quick fix” to right the balance. it’s as though you’re raising a fist in protest, proclaiming that you’re not going to capitulate to such injustice.

there are, however, a multitude of problems related to this immediate, push-back reaction of anger. and probably the key one is that almost never does it resolve the issue that gave rise to it. such reactive anger is probably best understood as self-defeating. as david burns, the author of the seminal self- book feeling good, observes: if realistically, acting on your anger is to make any sense, it needs to meet two criteria—which, in almost every case, is frankly impossible. that is, your anger must:

be directed toward a person who has intentionally (and needlessly) behaved in a hurtful way toward you; and

be beneficial or advantageous to you (i.e., assist you in achieving a desired goal).

i think you’ll agree that only rarely can you claim that your anger is both warranted and , whether to yourself or the relationship.

so let me offer you a two-step alternative to abandoning your better judgment and giving in to the temptation of anger—one that should neutralize your anger in seconds. or, when you’re really angry, in minutes.

but keep in mind that you must really want to execute these steps, be sufficiently motivated to perform them. which means overcoming more unconscious resistance than you might ever have imagined. because there are many immediate “advantages” of anger that can interfere with your resolve, i’ll suggest a few of them that might interfere with your employing this powerful method to rid yourself of counter-productive anger.

explanation:

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