How do geologists study direct evidence of earth’s interior?
a)by collecting core rock samples
b)by measuring seismic wave activity
c)by analyzing how living things survive
d)by recording changes in climate patterns

Option (B)

Explanation:

Geologists have determined the interior of the earth from the study of the behavior of seismic waves. These waves are the primary and the Secondary waves and these waves carry energy when propagates through the interior of the earth.

The P waves move in the crust, mantle and the core (both inner and outer core), and during propagation, the speed of these waves is affected and their path changes or gets deviated. The S waves move only in the crust and mantle and get dissolve at the core-mantle boundary. These waves also gets reflected and refracted at the distinct boundaries.

This behavior of waves helped the geologists to determine the crust-mantle boundary, core-mantle boundary, inner core-outer core boundary, and also the changes in their composition and density of the layers.

Thus, the correct answer is option (B).

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it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.