An atoms outermost electron arrangement determines how it interacts with other atoms. which of the following atomic structures would be most likely to form an ionic bond?

c) Fluorine forms an ionic bond.

Explanation:

A chemical bond in which a complete transfer of valence electrons between the atom occurs called ionic bond. It is a combination of two oppositely charged atoms.

In an ionic bond metals loses its valence electrons to become a positively charged ion called cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged ion called anion.

There are four elements given;

1) Helium

There are only two electrons in helium which occupies in the K shell which is also the valence shell of the atom. And K shell maximum contain two electron. It means it has complete shell of electrons so it does not bond with other element.

2) Neon

It has also compete shell of electrons that is 8. It is an inert gas which does not  bond with other element.

3) Fluorine

It has 7 electrons in its outermost shell, to complete its octet it gains one electron. That means there is a complete acceptance of an electron which determines that it forms an ionic bond.

Sodium has 1 electron in its outermost shell. So it loses its electron and forms cation. Where as Fluorine has 7 electrons so it gains the lose electron to form anion. And thus formed Sodium Fluoride an ionic bond compound.

4)Carbon

Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. It can neither gain nor lose electrons to complete its octet. It only shares electrons with other element. And sharing of electrons known as covalent bond.

the potential energy of the reactants is 200j.

from the energy diagram, the energy of the product formed is 350j; this means that, this reaction is an endothermic reaction, because it absorbs energy from its environment.

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.