Rank each set of compounds in order of increasing acidity: 2,4-dichlorobutyric acid 2,3-dichlorobutyric acid 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid 2,4-dichlorobutyric acid is the most acidic and 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic. 2,4-dichlorobutyric acid is the most acidic and 2,3-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic. 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the most 2,3-dichlorobutyric acidic and acid is the least acidic. 2,3-dichlorobutyric acid is the most acidic and 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic. show hint 3-bromopropionic acid 2,2-dibromopropionic acid 3,3-dibromopropionic acid 2,2-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3,3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic. 3,3-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic. 2,2-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic. 3-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3,3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic.

In the first question;

Option D is correct  answer i.e 2,3-dichlorobutyric acid is the most acidic and 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic.

In the second question;

Option A is the correct answer , 2,2-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3,3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic.

Explanation:

The rate of acidity of carboxylic acid is affect by several factors.

For example;

Inductive effect is used to explain the acidity of carboxylic acids.

Acidity of carboxylic acid increase by withdrawing group (NO2,CN,X,ROH) and decreases by donating groups (OMe,NH2,alkyl group).

Halogen family group are highly electronegative and as such they increases the rate of acidity.

Also in naming organic compounds, we rank compounds with the least number of substituent attached to the organic compound.

In the first question, Option D is correct  answer i.e 2,3-dichlorobutyric acid is the most acidic and 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic because 2,3-dichlorobutyric acid have the least number of substituent of chlorine atoms and chlorine atoms as well increases the rate of acidity.

Also, 3,4-dimethylbutyric acid is the least acidic because of attachment of methyl  groups and higher number of substituent(methyl groups) attached to it.

In the second question:

Option A is the correct answer , 2,2-dibromopropionic acid is the most acidic and 3,3-bromopropionic acid is the least acidic because

Bromine (an halogen family atom) increase the rate of acidity and with decreasing the distance from COOH group, acidity increases. Also with increasing the distance from COOH group acidity decreases which makes Option A the correct answer.

part 1: the half-life of the element is 22 years.

part 2: it will take 132.02 year for the sample to decay from 308.0 g to 4.8125 g.

explanation:

part 1: there are two ways to determine the half life time.

first way: the half life time can be determined directly from its definition as it is the time required for the sample to decay to its half concentration.

from the data the initial concentration was 45.0 g and decayed to its half value (22.5 g) in 22.0 years.

second way: the radio active decay is considered first order reaction so we can use the laws of first order reactions.

k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x), where k is the rate constant of the reaction,

t is the time of the reaction

a is the initial concentration of the reactant

a-x is the remaining concentration at time (t)

a = 45.0 g the initial concentration at t = 0 year.

at t = 22 year, a-x = 22.5 g

then k = (1/22 year) ln (45.0 g/ 22.5 g) = 0.0315 year-1.

the half-life time (t1/2) = ln 2/ k = 0.693/ k =0.693/ 0.0315 = 22 years.

part 2:

using the same law k = (1/t) ln (a/a-x),

using the given data; a = 308.0 g and a-x = 4.8125 g and the calculated k from the part 1 (k = 0.0315 year-1)

t = (1/k) ln (a/a-x) = (1/0.0315) ln (308.0/ 4.8125) = 132.02 years

a:

by the combination of an unlimited number of elements