describe how two atoms come together to form a single covalent bond.

When an atom donates electrons and other gains electrons, they form ions and the bond is called the ionic bond. When the atoms share electrons between them, they form a molecule, and the bond is called the covalent bond.

The atoms can share one, two or three pairs of electrons in the same bond. If one pair is shared it's called a single bond or a covalent simple; if two pairs are shared it's called a double bond or a covalent double, and if three pairs are shared it's called a triple bond or a covalent triple.

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the positions which points up in upward carbon and down in downward carbon are axial

and vice versa holds true for equatorial positions

so the correct answer with labelled diagram will be

every chemical equation adheres to the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. therefore, there must be the same number of atoms of each element on each side of a chemical equation.